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Mysterious Death of a Songbird Reveals a Novel Coxiella Species

Mysterious Death of a Songbird Reveals a Novel Coxiella Species

By Xueyan Xu, PhD When a colorful passerine bird, the Violaceous Euphonia (Euphonia violacea), mysteriously died at a US Zoo, the cause wasn’t clear. Veterinarians noticed severe brain lesions and sent tissue samples to MiDOG for Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)...

What’s up Doc?: Tackling Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Rabbits

What’s up Doc?: Tackling Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Rabbits

By Dr. Mark Yacoub, PhD Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligate intracellular fungal pathogen that infects a wide variety of hosts, including rabbits, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in these animals. E. cuniculi is a microsporidian, a group of...

The Cutaneous Microbiota and Nannizziomycosis in Bearded Dragons

The Cutaneous Microbiota and Nannizziomycosis in Bearded Dragons

The cutaneous microbiota and Nannizziomycosis in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): Associations between infectious Nannizziopsis species and common bacterial pathogens By K. Zapanta, M. Kavanagh, K. Keller, L. Nguyen, W. Rosenkrantz, J. A. Krumbeck At MiDOG, we...

Pasteurella Multocida and its Impact on Veterinary Medicine

Pasteurella Multocida and its Impact on Veterinary Medicine

Key takeaways: Pasteurella multocida is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen capable of causing disease in a wide range of animals. The species consists of multiple sub-species or serogroups with different host ranges and treatment susceptibilities. Next Generation...

Using Fecal Microbiome Testing to Revolutionize Canine Gut Health

Using Fecal Microbiome Testing to Revolutionize Canine Gut Health

In this week’s blog post: Advanced Gut Health Insights: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) provides a comprehensive analysis of a dog's gut microbiome, allowing early detection of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and food...

Glowing Threats: The Bioluminescent Bacterium Behind Marine Disease

Glowing Threats: The Bioluminescent Bacterium Behind Marine Disease

Key takeaways: Vibrio harveyi is a bioluminescent bacterial pathogen of marine fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. The disease symptoms are indistinct, and the bacterium’s growth is slow, complicating traditional culture-based diagnostic techniques. Next Generation...

Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Infections

Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance in Fungal Infections

Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine, particularly when it comes to fungal infections. As these infections become increasingly prevalent and challenging to treat, understanding the mechanisms behind AMR...

Don’t Let Salmonella Sink Your Dog’s Health!

Don’t Let Salmonella Sink Your Dog’s Health!

Understanding Salmonella infections in dogs, and what veterinary professionals and dog owners need to know Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that is commonly associated with foodborne illnesses in humans- BUT, did you know it also poses a significant health risk to...

The Impact of Living Near Industrial Areas on Bird Microbial Health

The Impact of Living Near Industrial Areas on Bird Microbial Health

The Impact of Living Near Industrial Areas on Bird Microbial Health Birds are resilient and adaptable animals that play a critical role in our ecosystem, contributing to pollination, seed dispersal, and insect control. However, these feathered marvels are not immune...

Dermatophytosis in Hedgehogs

Dermatophytosis in Hedgehogs

More than one-third of hedgehogs with dermatophytosis cases were asymptomatic in a 2016 study. [1] Learn more about this sneaky skin infection and how to diagnose it effectively using ITS region sequencing. Dermatophytosis (also known as ringworm) is a common fungal...

Effective Treatment Options for Bumblefoot in Rodents and Small Exotic Animals: A Comprehensive Guide

Effective Treatment Options for Bumblefoot in Rodents and Small Exotic Animals: A Comprehensive Guide

Bumblefoot (pododermatitis) is a skin infection on the feet of small pets like guinea pigs, rats, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits, and chinchillas. Here’s what you need to know about treating bumblefoot effectively and confidently in small exotic pets. What are the symptoms of bumblefoot in small exotic animals? In the early stages of bumblefoot, noticeable signs include swelling and redness on the footpad. A characteristic feature is the emergence of a swollen, pus-filled bump, which is often accomp

Bumblefoot in Birds and Chickens: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Challenges

Bumblefoot in Birds and Chickens: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Challenges

Bumblefoot, also known as pododermatitis, is a common infection in captive birds and chickens that can be unassuming but fatal if left untreated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how to effectively treat bumblefoot in avian patients. We will delve into: What causes bumblefoot? What are the stages of bumblefoot symptoms? FAQ for pet owners on bumblefoot in birds FAQ for pet owners on bumblefoot in chickens Why can bumblefoot treatment be difficult? Causes of bumblefoot Bumble

Canine Respiratory Illness 2023 – Microbiome Diagnostic Tests Could Help Identify the Cause

Canine Respiratory Illness 2023 – Microbiome Diagnostic Tests Could Help Identify the Cause

A mysterious canine respiratory illness has been infecting thousands of dogs in at least 14 states in the US (Colorado, California, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Washington) causing a cough, runny eyes, and sneezing, and has even led to death in some rare cases! What is the cause of this mysterious disease? It may be bacterial or viral. However, it does not respond well (if at all) to traditional treatments, like antibiotics. According to Dr. Scott Weese of Ontari

Treating Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Leopard Gecko Eye Infection Diagnoses

Treating Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Leopard Gecko Eye Infection Diagnoses

In a retrospective study, 52 out of 112 leopard geckos had an eye infection such as conjunctivitis. [1] Here’s what you need to know about bacterial conjunctivitis, or pink eye, in leopard geckos. Leopard geckos are popular pocket pets because of their large, colorful eyes. However, captive leopard geckos are extremely likely to develop an eye infection because of their unique eyelid structure. Most geckos have spectacle eyelids, whereas leopard geckos have crinkled eyelids that are fully moveab

Dr. Richard Harvey and His Veterinary Journey as a Dermatology Specialist – MiDOG Interview Part 2

Dr. Richard Harvey and His Veterinary Journey as a Dermatology Specialist – MiDOG Interview Part 2

This is part 2 of our exclusive interview with Dr. Richard Harvey. The first part covered Next-Generation Sequencing in Veterinary Medicine which can be found here. Part 2 will be covering questions for Dr. Harvey that are a little more personal and career-oriented for us and our audience to get to know him a little bit better and shed light on his background, interests, and veterinary journey experience. A Look Into Dr. Harvey’s Veterinary Journey To start off, could you share with us your jour

Dolphin GI Infections: Diagnose & Treat Gastrointestinal Infections in Cetaceans

Dolphin GI Infections: Diagnose & Treat Gastrointestinal Infections in Cetaceans

Like humans and other vertebrate species, marine mammals are prone to a variety of ailments, including gastrointestinal (GI) infections, which sometimes occur when environmental stressors compromise the immune system. These charismatic megafauna, especially dolphins, have been well studied because of their presence in managed care facilities and wild stocks worldwide. Like most wild species, marine mammals are skilled at masking disease signs to prevent predation and help prolong survival. In fa

World Rabies Day 2023: What to Know About Rabies for All Pets

World Rabies Day 2023: What to Know About Rabies for All Pets

Rabies is a deadly disease that can impact anyone, not just your furry friends! It is a zoonotic infection, meaning that it is transmitted between animals, and animals can pass it on to humans. World Rabies Day is celebrated to bring awareness to this fatal infection and the importance of staying up to date with pet vaccination records to prevent its spread to you and the pets you care for! The World Rabies Day 2023 theme is “All for 1, One Health for all” to share the idea that rabies infects m

Ringworm in Guinea Pigs: Bald Spots, Scratching, and the Road to Relief

Ringworm in Guinea Pigs: Bald Spots, Scratching, and the Road to Relief

Guinea pigs are very social creatures with a host of emotions packed into little bodies. They make wonderful pets for children or adults and will show you their appreciation with a variety of chirps and squeals when they’re excited and happy. Think of them as tiny Siberian Huskies; heightened emotional states and are very vocal about them. When you first brought little Wilbur home, he may have been a bit shy. Then he learned the sound of the refrigerator as the source of all his fresh vegetables

4 Reasons Your Cat is Not Getting Better with Antibiotics

4 Reasons Your Cat is Not Getting Better with Antibiotics

Antibiotics can lose their effectiveness due to antibiotic resistance that develops due to unnecessary antibiotics. Ensuring accurate diagnoses and, more importantly, prescribing antibiotics tailored specifically to your pet are important measures to prevent declining antibiotic effectiveness. Have you ever been concerned when your beloved feline companion isn’t responding to antibiotic treatment as expected? It’s crucial to address this issue for the well-being of our furry friends. Here are 4

Lumps and Bumps on a Cat’s Skin

Lumps and Bumps on a Cat’s Skin

Cats are affectionate creatures (albeit on their own terms) and when Fluffy demands that scratch under her chin or a stroke down her back, you may come across a lump, bump, or even some crusts. The fastidious nature of cats means that what you’ve found isn’t likely to be foreign material stuck in her fur, but actually some changes within the skin itself. MiDOG Next-Gen Sequencing Technology may be appropriate in assisting with a diagnosis, but first, let’s discuss the types of skin lesions you m

Sneezing and Nasal Discharge in Dogs: The Complexity of Canine Rhinitis and Sinusitis

Sneezing and Nasal Discharge in Dogs: The Complexity of Canine Rhinitis and Sinusitis

Has your pup been sneezing for a few days, or worse, a few months? You may be surprised to learn just how complicated that one clinical symptom can be. The underlying cause may be simple or serious and it can be frustrating for both pet owners and veterinarians alike during the process of working up Fido for a diagnosis. Next-Gen Sequencing (NGS) technology can assist your veterinarian as they determine the root cause of your pet pal’s symptoms. Rhinitis and Sinusitis: What Does It Look Like? Rh

Candidiasis in Birds: How to Detect Candida in Cockatiels

Candidiasis in Birds: How to Detect Candida in Cockatiels

Has your pet bird not been strutting their feathers like they normally do? While dull plumage can indicate several ailments, one notable concern is avian candidiasis. Candida infections are most commonly caused by the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans, which most frequently impacts the gastrointestinal tract [1]. Because birds on broad-spectrum antibiotics are most at risk for candidiasis, it is important to get your pet seen at a vet immediately to avoid further complications [1]. Avian cand

New Study on Fecal Microbiota Analysis and Transplantation in Pilot Whales

New Study on Fecal Microbiota Analysis and Transplantation in Pilot Whales

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used in human and veterinary medicine to treat various gastrointestinal diseases including dysbiosis, but not until recently has FMT been used to treat pilot whales [1]! Marine mammals like pilot whales are particularly at risk for “infection by fecal-associated zoonotic pathogens” [2]. Considering gastrointestinal microbial diversity is essential for the health, survival, and regulation of the physiological function of the host, enteric infections

Diagnosing Urinary Tract Infections in Ferrets

Diagnosing Urinary Tract Infections in Ferrets

Did you know that ferrets are predisposed to a variety of renal diseases? Their unique physiology includes low levels of creatinine, which can cause urogenital issues pet owners need to be on the lookout for. If your ferret seems to be straining to urinate, it is worthwhile to take your furry friend to a ferret veterinarian since your ferret may have a urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections are painful and if left untreated can result in dangerous urogenital complications, so early id

Diagnosing Feline Fungal Infections

Diagnosing Feline Fungal Infections

Just like humans, cats can suffer fungal infections! Fungi are parasitic spore-producing organisms that feed on organic matter. While there are roughly 144,000 known species of fungi that exist, cats are susceptible to only select fungal infections. Fungal infections can be passed on to cats through ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through skin, with environmental exposure to soil with pathogenic fungus being the primary mode of transmission for cats. And so without further ado, here are th

Avian Aspergillosis: Diagnosing Fungal Respiratory Tract Infections

Avian Aspergillosis: Diagnosing Fungal Respiratory Tract Infections

Just like humans, birds can experience fungal infections too! Aspergillosis is a common fungal infection in pet birds that impacts both the upper respiratory tract (eyes, sinuses, nose, and trachea) and lower respiratory tract (lungs and air sacs). This infection is caused by opportunistic fungi from Aspergillus spp., and can be challenging to identify and resistant to treatment. Consequently, it is important for any bird owner to be aware of signs of this difficult-to-diagnose disease. Aspergil

Ferrets and the Gut Microbiome: Diagnosing Diarrheal Diseases in Ferrets

Ferrets and the Gut Microbiome: Diagnosing Diarrheal Diseases in Ferrets

Is your favorite, meat-eating friend suffering from loose, watery stool? While the cause of diarrhea in ferrets ranges greatly, one common cause can be a disruption to their gut microbiome. If your ferret seems to be suffering from prolonged gastrointestinal issues (more than 2 days), it is worthwhile to take your furry friend to a ferret veterinarian since your ferret may have a gastrointestinal infection. Diarrheal diseases are painful and if left untreated can result in dangerous complication

Pasteurellosis in Rabbits: Advancements in Clinical Diagnostics

Pasteurellosis in Rabbits: Advancements in Clinical Diagnostics

Did you know that approximately 30%-90% of seemingly healthy rabbits may be asymptomatic carriers of Pasteurella multocida [1]? This bacterium causes pasteurellosis, which commonly impacts not only the rabbit’s respiratory system, but can also localize in eyes, ears, skin, reproductive organs, and more [1]. While the symptoms of pasteurellosis are broad and may appear benign, visiting a veterinarian is crucial in preventing the disease from becoming chronic and difficult to control. Symptoms of

Why is My Cat Itching?: Allergies and the Feline Microbiome

Why is My Cat Itching?: Allergies and the Feline Microbiome

Has your cat been itching and scratching their skin more often than normal? If so, your furry friend may be suffering from feline dermatitis! Feline dermatitis is a general term that describes inflammation or irritation of the skin [1]. This condition can manifest in several ways, and has long been associated with allergies and environmental factors [2]. However, Next-Gen Sequencing (NGS) technology has allowed veterinarians and researchers to understand the more complex, multifactorial etiology

Bearded Dragons and Pneumonia: How To Identify Upper Respiratory Infections in My Reptile

Bearded Dragons and Pneumonia: How To Identify Upper Respiratory Infections in My Reptile

Captive bearded dragons are particularly at risk for respiratory infections (like pneumonia), which are often caused due to a weakened immune system. Environment plays a key role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia, and so it is useful for pet owners to know the proper husbandry to take care of bearded dragons, which are the most popular pet reptile [1]. Upper respiratory infections are uncomfortable for your scaly friend and may result in death if left untreated. Early intervention is beneficial f

Next-Gen DNA Sequencing Technology in Veterinary Medicine

Next-Gen DNA Sequencing Technology in Veterinary Medicine

DNA (also known as deoxyribonucleic acid) has long been nicknamed the “blueprint for life”, providing the genetic codes that make existence for all organisms possible [1]. From animals to bacteria to fungi, each organism’s genetic code is what makes them unique and can also provide an abundance of information for clinical uses. Specifically, the development of high throughput molecular technologies alongside bioinformatics analyses in the 21st century has radically changed the abilities of veter

Skin Microbiota of Quaker Parrots: Advancements in Avian Clinical Diagnostics

Skin Microbiota of Quaker Parrots: Advancements in Avian Clinical Diagnostics

Feather damaging behavior (FDB) is particularly common in captive birds, with an estimated prevalence rate of 11.7% in psittacines [1]. FDB can be difficult for pet owners and veterinarians to prevent, and can often be debilitating for your feathery friend. Fortunately, new research on this difficult-to-treat condition is on the horizon! In the past, diagnosing parrot skin diseases has proven to be difficult because there has not been a baseline for the parrot epidermal microbiome, both in birds

The Salamander Plague: Detecting Fungal Infections in Amphibians

The Salamander Plague: Detecting Fungal Infections in Amphibians

Salamander chytrid disease, also known as salamander chytridiomycosis, is an infectious fungal disease that has had significant impacts on the biodiversity of salamanders in Asia and Europe within the last decade [1]. While the disease is not yet present in North America, it is critical to know the warning signs of this fast spreading disease should chytridiomycosis invade native salamander populations. Just in Europe, an outbreak of chytrid disease was associated with a greater than 96% mortali

Pathogen Spotlight of the Month: Escherichia Coli

Pathogen Spotlight of the Month: Escherichia Coli

If your cat has been struggling to use the litterbox, they might be suffering from a urinary tract infection (UTI)! While UTIs are less common in younger cats, these infections progress to feline lower urinary tract disorders in 40-45% of cats older than 10 years [1]. Feline urine even in a healthy state is not sterile, and is home to a plethora of bacteria; however, when pathogenic bacteria are able to outcompete healthy bacteria, urinary tract infections may manifest. Escherichia coli has long

Bearded Dragons and Salmonella: How To Prevent Infection From Asymptomatic Carriers

Bearded Dragons and Salmonella: How To Prevent Infection From Asymptomatic Carriers

In November 2020, 18 people infected with an outbreak strain of Salmonella were reported from 11 different states in the United States (thankfully there were no deaths!) [1]. Further evidence unveiled that contact with pet bearded dragons was the likely source of the outbreak [1]. Salmonella infections are zoonotic in nature, making them not only a veterinary health concern, but also a public health concern. While salmonellosis can affect a wide range of animals including birds, reptiles, amphib

Pathogen Spotlight of the Month: Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Pathogen Spotlight of the Month: Streptococcus Pneumoniae

Is your small mammal having trouble breathing? Or perhaps you notice discharge from your furry friend’s nose? If you notice these changes, it is recommended you take your pet to an exotic pet veterinarian immediately, as your small mammal may be suffering from pneumonia! As one of the most common significant diseases in small mammals, pneumonia causes inflammation of the lungs may cause death if left untreated. Small mammals like rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, pygmy hedgehogs, and m

Three Common Causes of Respiratory Disorders in Guinea Pigs

Three Common Causes of Respiratory Disorders in Guinea Pigs

March is “Adopt a Guinea Pig” month, and it is important for current and future guinea pig parents to learn about common respiratory disorders in this small mammal! One study suggests that approximately 40% of guinea pigs seen by a veterinarian have been diagnosed with a bacterial infection, with upper respiratory infections being the most commonly reported [1]. However, because guinea pigs are extremely sensitive to the effects of many antibiotics, understanding possible sources of infections a

Periodontitis and Fungi: Uncovering the Clinical Relevance of the Oral Mycobiome

Periodontitis and Fungi: Uncovering the Clinical Relevance of the Oral Mycobiome

Did you know that even if your dog is healthy, they likely have fungal species present in their oral cavity [1]? While fungi are normal components of the canine oral microbiome, in dysbiotic states fungal infections may be associated with the development of periodontitis, an infection that causes inflammation in the oral tissue surrounding and supporting their teeth. Periodontitis is caused by plaque, bacteria, and your dog’s immunologic response to these pathogens, which results in inflammation

Periodontal Disease in Dogs: Characterizing the Oral Bacteriome

Periodontal Disease in Dogs: Characterizing the Oral Bacteriome

Cheese! Has your dog’s smile been looking inflamed? If so, your furry friend may have an infection and inflammation in the oral tissue surrounding and supporting their teeth. This condition is known as periodontitis and is caused by plaque, bacteria, and your dog’s immunologic response to these pathogens, which results in inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone [1]. Although the etiology of periodontitis is complex, advancements in diagnostic technology have allowed for an inc

New Study: Antimicrobial Resistant Genes and Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis

New Study: Antimicrobial Resistant Genes and Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis

Does your cat’s “meowth” look red and swollen? If so, your friend may be suffering from feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), which is a painful and chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that affects 0.7% to 12% of cats in their lifetime [1]. FCGS has a multifactorial etiology caused by a “hyper” immune response to one or more initial triggers. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis is uncomfortable at best for your furry friend, and if left untreated may result in serious health complica

UTIs and Rabbits: Diagnosing Difficult-to-Culture Infections

UTIs and Rabbits: Diagnosing Difficult-to-Culture Infections

Has your bunny been hopping to the bathroom more often than normal? Or maybe you’ve noticed that their urine has an abnormal color and/or consistency? While these behaviors may seem more puzzling than concerning, they could actually be indicative of a painful and dangerous urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary Tract Infections in Rabbits With the help of Next-Gen Sequencing (NGS) technology, several recent studies have revealed that urine is not actually sterile, and the plethora of bacteria th

Webinar: Effect of Topical Medication on The Nasomaxillary Skin Fold Microbiome of French Bulldogs

Webinar: Effect of Topical Medication on The Nasomaxillary Skin Fold Microbiome of French Bulldogs

A recent study was conducted using MiDOG NGS technology to assess the skin fold microbiome in healthy French bulldogs. This study found that the primary skin bacterial phyla populating the nasomaxillary skin fold were Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, while the primary skin fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Also, the researchers noted a significant correlation between the abundance of potentially opportunistic pathogens and microbial diversity. Healthy French bulldogs contained high

Interview with Dermatology Specialist: Dr. Alissa Rexo (Part 2)

Interview with Dermatology Specialist: Dr. Alissa Rexo (Part 2)

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global problem, both for public and animal health and welfare. Considering antibiotic resistance is influenced not only by human and animal antibiotic use, but also by intrinsic resistance exhibited by some pathogenic microorganisms, understanding the clinical implications of animal skin microbiomes is becoming increasingly important. With contemporary research employing the use of Next-Gen Sequencing to aptly characterize the skin microbiome of various ani

Interview with Dermatology Specialist: Dr. Alissa Rexo

Interview with Dermatology Specialist: Dr. Alissa Rexo

Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global problem, both for public and animal health and welfare. Considering antibiotic resistance is influenced not only by human and animal antibiotic use, but also by intrinsic resistance exhibited by some pathogenic microorganisms, understanding the clinical implications of animal skin microbiomes is becoming increasingly important. With contemporary research employing the use of Next-Gen Sequencing to aptly characterize the skin microbiome of various ani

French Bulldog Skin Problems: Infections & the Nasomaxillary Skin Fold Microbiome

French Bulldog Skin Problems: Infections & the Nasomaxillary Skin Fold Microbiome

Bulldogs, boxers, and pugs, oh my! These are just a few of the many breeds of brachycephalic dogs, defined as dogs with flattened faces [1]. As cute as their smooshed faces may be, these breeds are particularly prone to skin infections (like intertrigo) due to moisture-retaining skin folds that provide the ideal breeding ground for opportunistic bacteria and fungi [1]. A recent study using Next-Gen DNA Sequencing (NGS) was conducted to assess the skin fold microbiome in healthy French bulldogs a

Dermatophytosis: Diagnosing Fungal Infections in Ferrets

Dermatophytosis: Diagnosing Fungal Infections in Ferrets

Fungal infections are never fun, and your ferret agrees! Dermatophytosis, which is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and/or nails, is particularly common in ferrets [1]. If your ferret seems to have an unusual skin condition, it is worthwhile to take your furry friend to an exotic pet veterinarian since your ferret may have a dermatophytosis infection. Dermatophytosis is uncomfortable but treatable; however, this fungal infection is highly contagious and is a zoonotic disease (meaning it can

Canine Leptospirosis: Diagnosing Infectious Diseases In Your Dog

Canine Leptospirosis: Diagnosing Infectious Diseases In Your Dog

Even though your dog may not be showing signs, if they have been exposed to unsanitary water or other infected animals, they may be suffering from leptospirosis. Dogs are particularly susceptible to this bacterial disease, which has seen an increasing prevalence with approximately 8.2% of dogs shedding the infectious pathogen [1]. Transmission of leptospirosis is largely due to environmental factors such as high precipitation rates, flooding, uncontrolled urban development, and poor sanitary con

Conjunctivitis: How to Detect Eye Infections in Your Pet Bird

Conjunctivitis: How to Detect Eye Infections in Your Pet Bird

Conjunctivitis, also known as an eye infection, commonly infects a wide variety of pet birds ranging from house finches to cockatiels, parakeets, and many more. Conjunctivitis can be caused by several different pathogens, which creates a highly variable disease presentation that makes conjunctivitis difficult to diagnose [1]. Considering the possibility of blindness and more severe outcomes, it is important for any bird owner to be aware of the signs of this difficult-to-diagnose disease. Conjun

Interview with Exotic Pet Veterinarian Dr. Shachar Malka

Interview with Exotic Pet Veterinarian Dr. Shachar Malka

With an estimated 19.4 million American households and 1.4 million Canadian households owning exotic pets, it’s no wonder the demand for exotic pet veterinarians has only been increasing. Unfortunately, many pet owners are unaware of the differences between a general veterinarian and a veterinarian who specializes in birds and exotic pets. It is important for any exotic pet owner to find a veterinarian whose expertise lies in the field of their pet’s field of medicine; from diagnostic and clinic

Tyzzer’s Disease: Detecting Infectious Diseases in Gerbils

Tyzzer’s Disease: Detecting Infectious Diseases in Gerbils

Although it is rare for your pet gerbil to get sick, there is one disease that your furry friend is particularly susceptible to: Tyzzer’s disease (TD). This often fatal disease is one of the most common infections in not only gerbils, but also guinea pigs, rats, hamsters, and rabbits [1]. Rodents such as gerbils are particularly prone to these infections in captive settings because transmission is often caused by improper husbandry [2]. These infections can be challenging to identify and resista

From Allergies to Infections: Why Does My Dog Have a Runny Nose?

From Allergies to Infections: Why Does My Dog Have a Runny Nose?

Gesundheit! The medical term for a runny nose is rhinitis, and rhinitis can be classified as either mild or severe, and periodic or chronic [1]. Although it is normal for healthy dogs to have a slightly runny nose, more severe nasal discharge may indicate a serious medical condition. A pet owner can identify mild runny noses by a slight watery discharge and some sneezing, whereas a severe runny nose lasts longer and has a gooier, opaque discharge [1]. Symptoms characteristic of rhinitis include

Feline Gingivostomatitis: Advancements in Clinical Diagnostics

Feline Gingivostomatitis: Advancements in Clinical Diagnostics

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a painful, chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that affects 0.7% to 12% of cats in their lifetime [1]. FCGS has a multifactorial etiology caused by a “hyper” immune response to one or more initial triggers. Therefore, a combination of understanding the conditions that cause FCGS and the infective pathogens themselves is critical in delivering quality healthcare to your cat. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis is uncomfortable at best for your f

Reptilian Fungal Infections: Diagnosing Yellow Fungus Disease

Reptilian Fungal Infections: Diagnosing Yellow Fungus Disease

Who you calling yellow-bellied? It may not be your reptile’s lack of courage, but rather an infection causing the yellow hue on your scaly friend’s skin. This infection goes by several names, including Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV), Yellow Fungus Disease (YFD), CANV mycosis, and most recently Onygenalean Dermatomycoses [1]. Debate surrounding the name of the disease stems largely from advancements in technology that have revealed several microorganisms can cause this inf

Pruritus in Dogs: Home Remedies for Dogs With Itchy Skin

Pruritus in Dogs: Home Remedies for Dogs With Itchy Skin

They scritch and they scratch, but the itch doesn’t seem to go away! Pruritus, the medical term for itching, is one of the most common reasons for dog parents to bring their furry friend to the veterinarian [1]. Pruritus can indicate several medical conditions, ranging from flea allergy dermatitis, seasonal allergies, food allergies, contact dermatitis, sarcoptic mange, and more [1]. Moreover, pruritus has a multifactorial etiology that can be further complicated by secondary bacterial infection

Feline Respiratory Disease Complex: How to Identify Respiratory Infections in Your Cat

Feline Respiratory Disease Complex: How to Identify Respiratory Infections in Your Cat

If your cat is coughing up more than hairballs, your furry friend may have feline respiratory disease complex! Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC) is an umbrella term for respiratory illnesses in cats caused by a group of organisms and/or viruses, and is estimated to occur in approximately 25.8% of cats in high-risk group settings [1]. FRDC, also known as feline upper respiratory infection (URI), can be complicated to treat due to possible secondary bacterial infections on top of the initi

Red-leg Syndrome: Diagnosing Bacterial Dermatosepticemia in Amphibians

Red-leg Syndrome: Diagnosing Bacterial Dermatosepticemia in Amphibians

As one of the most common diseases in amphibians, bacterial dermatosepticemia is a fatal infectious disease seen in frogs, toads, and salamanders [1]. More commonly known as red-leg syndrome, bacterial dermatosepticemia is associated with dilation of the capillaries under their skin, which causes the characteristic redness on the underside of the amphibian’s legs and abdomen that is associated with the infectious disease [2]. While the initial exposure to opportunistic bacteria may be caused by

Three Bacterial Infections Chinchilla Parents Need to Know About

Three Bacterial Infections Chinchilla Parents Need to Know About

Chinchillas may clean themselves using dust baths, but that doesn’t mean these furry rodents can wash away infections easily. Reports of infectious disease prevalence in chinchilla communities are admittedly skewed due to most studies reporting prevalence based on fur-ranched chinchillas, but regardless, understanding possible sources of infections and how they manifest is critical for chinchilla owners [1]. It is important to note that while this article is going to focus on bacterial infection

Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance: Common Chronic Infections In Pets

Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance: Common Chronic Infections In Pets

The National Institute of Health estimates that approximately 65% to 80% of microbial infectious diseases are associated with bacterial biofilm [1]. Biofilms are defined as structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymer matrix that is attached to a surface, allowing for greater protection of bacteria to thrive in potentially hostile environments [2]. Biofilm-associated bacteria complicate both human and veterinary medicine, as these pathogens can cause chronic infe

Mycobacterium Infections and Your Exotic Bird: How to Detect Avian Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium Infections and Your Exotic Bird: How to Detect Avian Tuberculosis

The saying fine feathers make fine birds holds some truth, as the state of your exotic bird’s feather can indicate the health status of your feathery friend. While poor feathering can indicate several ailments, one notable concern is avian tuberculosis. Avian tuberculosis can be caused by several mycobacterial species, with tubercular nodules presenting in an infected bird’s liver, spleen, intestine, lungs, air sacs, skin, and/or bone marrow [1]. This infection is challenging to identify and res

Mycoplasmosis: Tortoises and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Mycoplasmosis: Tortoises and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

While you might not expect a tortoise to be running anywhere, that doesn’t mean they don’t get runny noses! Tortoise mycoplasmosis is one of the most common diseases in tortoises and is the main cause of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) in these slow-placed reptiles [1]. Therefore, a combination of understanding the conditions that cause the infection and the infective pathogens themselves is critical in delivering quality healthcare to your reptile. URTDs are uncomfortable at best for you

Cecal Dysbiosis in Rabbits: The Importance of Making Sure Your Rabbit’s Gut Is Healthy

Cecal Dysbiosis in Rabbits: The Importance of Making Sure Your Rabbit’s Gut Is Healthy

Rabbit pellets may not look very appetizing to most, but your rabbit would beg to differ! This is because rabbits are coprophagic animals, meaning they eat cecotropes, which are nutrient-rich pellets similar to feces that contain the products of cecal fermentation (also known as hindgut fermentation) [1]. Cecal fermentation occurs in the region of the digestive tract called the cecum [1]. Rabbits produce cecotropes throughout the day and consume them directly from their rectum in a process known

Lop-eared Rabbits: Floppy Ears and Infection Risk

Lop-eared Rabbits: Floppy Ears and Infection Risk

Hare me out—your lop-eared rabbit may be the cutest creature to hip-hop on this planet, but those floppy ears require special attention! If your bunny seems to be tilting their head and losing their balance, they may have an ear infection and need to visit an exotic pet veterinary specialist. Morphological differences between lop-eared rabbits versus wild-type straight-eared rabbits (caused by breeding preferences for floppy ears) account for the increased rates of cranial health issues in lop-e

Urolithiasis: Diagnosing Urinary Tract Obstructions in Ferrets

Urolithiasis: Diagnosing Urinary Tract Obstructions in Ferrets

In addition to their mischievous (but playful) nature and affinity for PVC pipes and socks, ferrets are identifiable by unique physiology that predisposes them to a variety of renal diseases pet owners need to be on the lookout for. If your ferret seems to be straining to urinate, it is worthwhile to take your furry friend to a ferret veterinarian since your ferret may have a condition called urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is painful and if left untreated can result in dangerous urogenital complicat

Stomatitis: Diagnosing Mouth Infections in Reptiles

Stomatitis: Diagnosing Mouth Infections in Reptiles

As one of the most common diseases in reptiles, stomatitis affects the oral cavity, tongue, palate, and/or esophagus. More commonly known as mouth rot, stomatitis is associated with inflammation of the mouth consisting of gingivitis, glossitis, palatitis, and cheilitis [1]. While the initial exposure to opportunistic bacteria may be caused by physical trauma within the mouth, environmental factors such as misguided caretaking and nutritional care create the framework for infectious agents to thr

Avian Chlamydiosis: How to Detect Bacterial Infections in Your Pet Bird

Avian Chlamydiosis: How to Detect Bacterial Infections in Your Pet Bird

Your pet bird may be singing a different tune if they contract Avian Chlamydiosis. Avian Chlamydiosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Chlamydiophila psittaci, with the highest rates of infection being found in psittacine birds such as parrots, parakeets, macaws, and cockatiels [1]. Considering an estimated 16%-81% of parrots are infected with C. psittaci, it is important for any bird owner to be aware of signs of this difficult-to-diagnose disease [2]. Avian Chlamydiosis is painful

Three Bacterial Infections Your Chameleon May Hide From You

Three Bacterial Infections Your Chameleon May Hide From You

Chameleons are masters of disguise, especially when it comes to their well-being. Evolutionarily, chameleons have become adept at hiding possible sicknesses from predators, making it difficult for pet owners to identify warning signs of various maladies. Consequently, understanding possible sources of infections and how they manifest is critical for chameleon owners. It is important to note that while this article is going to focus on bacterial infections, there are several other diseases (rangi

Feline Urinary Tract Infections: From Subclinical to Severe

Feline Urinary Tract Infections: From Subclinical to Severe

Has your cat been struggling in the litter box? Or maybe you’ve noticed that despite being potty trained for years, your cat has recently started to lose control. These behaviors may seem more puzzling than concerning but could be indicative of a painful and dangerous urinary tract infection. What is a Urinary Tract Infection? You might not realize it, but there are actually a lot of bacteria that inhabit the urinary system and are considered part of a normal or healthy urinary bacterial communi

Otitis Externa: Understanding the Multifactorial Ear Disease

Otitis Externa: Understanding the Multifactorial Ear Disease

Huh? What? Who’s a good boy?

Odds are your dog’s hearing problems aren’t because they were listening to music too loud, but they may have an ear infection. Otitis externa (OE) is one of the most common ear diseases in canines and has a multifactorial etiology that is further complicated by secondary bacterial and/or yeast infections [1]. With the possibility of chronic OE causing hearing loss and even deafness, listen up and learn more about OE and its impact on your pup! What is Otitis Externa